2016年11月30日 星期三

CHAPTER 10: THEME


What is literature? 

Imaginative, creative and article. 


Theme: 


   ¨Different readers or viewers can construct fairly different themes from the same text, depending on the experiences they have had.

   ¨All elements (setting, characters, plot, point of view, style and tone) combine to suggest its theme.

     ¨The idea that holds the story together, such as a comment about society, human nature, or the human condition based on the intersection of the text, the reader, and the context.

     ¨Theme provides discovery, understanding, and pleasure in recognizing.

     ¨Go beyond the specifics of the story and comment on what it means to be human in this complicated world. Turning a simple narrative into literature.

¨Stating theme in a sentence clarifies its focus.

Theme and Traditional Literature



¨Examples:

- The Little Red Hen by J.P. Miller

  Red Hen finds a grain of wheat and asks for help from the other farmyard 
  animals.

Those who say no to contribution to a product do not deserve to enjoy the 
product.


Beloved illustrator J. P. Miller’s graphic, colorful farm animals seem to jump right off the page—but they aren’t jumping to help the Little Red Hen plant her wheat! Young children will learn a valuable lesson about teamwork from this funny, favorite folktale.

- With Love, Little Red Hen by Alma Flor        Ada

 Goldilocks and Red Riding Hood.  Through letter writing.


Helping new neighbors without having to ask or get anything in return, and
 that is what good friends do. 



Hidden Forest has a new resident. Little Red Hen and her seven little chicks have moved into a cottage and plan to grow a bountiful crop of corn in the nearby field. The problem is that none of the Red Hen's neighbors are willing to help with the hard work. "Not I," says the dog, the goose, and the lazy cat. So Goldilocks, who has heard about the new arrivals from her friend Little Red Riding Hood, comes up with a neighborly idea: Why don't all the residents of Hidden Forest chip in and work on the garden? Better yet, why not make it a surprise? Of course there are a couple of residents who might not be so cooperative. Will Wolfy Lupus and his cousin Fer O'Cious hatch a new plot of their own? 




- The Little Red Hen by Jerry Pinkney

Remaining farmyard animals and use watercolor art to illustrate. Red Han adds a little flattery to her requests and is rewarded with a pot of jam by the miller.

Those who do not work should not partake of the benefits of others' work.



 

- The Little Red Hen: An Old Fable by Heather Forest with Susan Gaber
Remaining farmyard animals. The lazy animals learn their lesson; they are given a chance to redeem themselves.

How to cooperate with each other and share the things together.


A little Red Hen lived in a house, with a frisky dog, a cat, and a mouse. So begins this fresh look at a beloved old fable. The little Red Hen's frisky housemates―Dog, Cat, and Mouse―would rather play than settle down to daily chores such as planting, cutting, and grinding wheat. But when the wheat is used to make a delicious cake, the little creatures are more than happy to help eat it! Heather Forest's rhythmic retelling captures the chaos of daily living and celebrates the spirit of teamwork inherent in the tale. Susan Gaber's whimsical illustrations transport the reader to a cozy cottage where the little Red Hen helps others learn how to help her even if it is more effort than doing the work herself.


Poetry - Poems


Read Toads in imaginary Gardens by Marianne More 



How to tell a story?

The important part is the conflict, vocabulary,  
sentence pattern.  

Education is repeated. 

Example story: 

Leo the Late Bloomer by Robert Kraus

Leo isn't reading, or writing, or drawing, or even speaking, and his father is concerned. But 
Leo's mother isn't. She knows her son will do all those things, and more, when he's ready. 
'Reassuring for other late bloomers, this book is illustrated with beguiling pictures.' -- 
Saturday Review.



Leo can't talk, write, eat. (What does he de?)

Leo can watch, learn, wait. (What can he do?)

(One day, ins his own way at right time in the 
moon night.)

I made it. 


Despicable Me


Despicable Me is a 2010 American 3D computer-animated comedy film from Universal Pictures and Illumination Entertainment that was released on July 9, 2010 in the United States. It is Illumination Entertainment's first film. The film was animated by the French animation studio Mac Guff, which was later acquired by Illumination Entertainment.[6] It was directed by Pierre Coffin and Chris Renaud as their feature debut film, with a story by Sergio Pablos. The film stars the voice of Steve Carell as Gru, a supervillain who adopts three girls (voiced by Miranda CosgroveDana Gaier, and Elsie Fisher) from an orphanage; and the voice of Jason Segel as Vector, a rival of Gru who steals the Great Pyramid of Giza. When Gru learns of Vector's heist, he plans an even greater heist: to shrink and steal the Earth's moon.

Plot

Gru, a supervillain, has his pride injured when an unknown supervillain steals the Great Pyramid of Giza, an action that is described by his colleague Dr. Nefario as "making all other villains look lame". Gru decides to do better, with the assistance of Dr. Nefario, by shrinking and stealing the Moon, an idea based on his childhood dream of being an astronaut, which was always disparaged by his mother Marlena. The plan is expensive and Gru seeks a loan from the Bank of Evil, where the president Mr. Perkins is impressed by the plan, but will only provide the money if Gru can obtain the necessary shrink ray first.
Gru and his Minions steal the shrink ray from a secret base in East Asia, but the up-and-coming supervillain, Vector, who was also responsible for the Pyramid theft, immediately steals it from Gru, as revenge for freezing his head earlier at the Bank of Evil. Gru attempts to break into Vector's fortress to get the shrink ray back, but is defeated by numerous booby traps. However, he notices three orphan girls, Margo, Edith, and Agnes, who are able to easily walk into the base because they are selling cookies. Gru disguises himself as a dentist and adopts the girls from Miss Hattie's Home for Girls, planning on using them to infiltrate Vector's base so he can get the shrink ray back. However, Gru has difficulty nurturing them properly due to their rambunctiousness, their ballet classes, and his own ineptitude as a parent.
Eventually, Gru and the girls arrive at Vector's fortress and Gru manages to steal the shrink ray. The girls then suggest a day at a theme park; Gru agrees, believing he can abandon the girls there, but he is later told by an attendant that they must be accompanied by an adult. He is then dragged around the theme park for the day, eventually warming up to the girls after they compliment him on blowing up a rigged carnival game to get Agnes a toy unicorn.
Later, Gru contacts Mr. Perkins, stating that he finally has the shrink ray in his possession. Margo, Edith, and Agnes interrupt the meeting, and Perkins announces that he has lost confidence in Gru and will no longer fund his operations. As Gru tells the Minions he can no longer pay them for their services, the girls offer the contents of their piggy bank to fund the plan. The Minions then hand over their own savings, too. Gru, inspired, sacrifices parts of his lair to construct a spacecraft. Gru plans to steal the Moon when it is nearest the Earth, but this ends up being the same day as the girls' ballet recital. Gru becomes conflicted, and Dr. Nefario, seeing the recital as interfering with the plan, arranges for the girls to be returned to the orphanage. At the same time, Mr. Perkins informs Vector (who is revealed to be his son) of Gru's possession of the shrink ray and the adoption of the three girls, encouraging Vector to take action.
Gru successfully shrinks and steals the Moon, but is too late to attend the recital — finding a note from Vector, who has kidnapped the girls, and will exchange the Moon for them. After arriving at Vector's headquarters, Gru readily makes the trade, but Vector reneges on the deal, flying off with the girls and the Moon, much to Gru's anger. Meanwhile, Dr. Nefario discovers that the effects of the shrink ray are temporary; the bigger the object was originally, the faster it will regain its original size. As the Moon starts to expand in Vector's ship, Gru, Dr. Nefario, and the Minions pull off a daring mid-air rescue of the girls just as the Moon explodes out of Vector's ship and launches itself back into orbit, with Vector trapped on it.
Sometime later, Gru has readopted the girls and treats them as his daughters, writing them a bedtime storybook framed around his own experience. The film ends with the girls performing their own ballet recital for Gru, Marlena, Dr. Nefario, and the Minions.



Child Bride



Child Bride, also known as Child BridesChild Bride of the Ozarks, and Dust to Dust (USA reissue titles),[citation needed] is a 1943[1] American film directed by Harry Revier and produced by Raymond L. Friedgen. The film was promoted as educational and as an attempt to draw attention to the lack of laws banning child marriage in many states.
The film is set in a remote town in the Ozarks. It was very controversial at the time both for its theme and because of a topless and nude swimming scene by then 12-year-old Shirley Mills. The film bypassed the ban of onscreen nudity under the Hays Code by being produced and distributed independently of the studio system, and by claiming to be educational. Although the film was banned in many areas, the movie's controversial nature gave it a certain infamy and it played on the so-called exploitation circuit for many years.

Plot

Miss Carol (Diana Durrell) is an idealistic teacher in a remote one-room schoolhouse. A native of the Ozarks herself, she is determined to stop the practice of child marriage, in which older men marry teen or preteen girls. Her campaign raises the ire of some local men, led by Jake Bolby (Warner Richmond), who one night drag her into the woods and tie her to a tree, with the intention of tarring and feathering her. Before they can do this, however, Angelo the dwarf (Angelo Rossitto) and Mr. Colton (George Humphreys) arrive with a shotgun to save the day.
Following this, Jake Bolby comes across young Jennie Colton (Shirley Mills) swimming naked. When her father dies, Bolby decides to take advantage of the opportunity to blackmail her mother into letting him marry the girl, threatening that otherwise he will see her hanged for murder. After he "courts" Jennie by giving her a doll, the two are married. It later turns out that this ceremony was illegal, as child marriage had been banned several days prior, but this point quickly becomes moot. Before Bolby can consummate the union, he is gunned down by Angelo. Jennie leaves his house with Freddie Nulty (Bob Bollinger).











2016年11月23日 星期三

CHAPTER 9: STYLE AND TONE

GLOSSARY


ROMANCE = humor, individual, emotional 


當獨裁成為事實,革命就是義務

當獨裁成為事實,革命就是義務」(英語:When dictatorship is a fact, revolution becomes a duty.)是源自於柏林自由大學哲學系教授帕斯卡·梅西耶的文學著作《里斯本夜車》以及同名電影作品所翻譯而成的字句,其中該作品主要是描述1974年於葡萄牙爆發的康乃馨革命[1]。而該字句的內容則是改編自法國浪漫主義作家維克多·雨果的名言[2]「當獨裁是一項事實,革命就成為一種權利[3]」(When dictatorship is a fact revolution becomes a right)


cloak   斗篷,披風

KK[klok]
DJ[kləuk]
斗篷,披風

brat    頑童,小搗蛋;小傢伙

KK[bræt]
DJ[bræt]
頑童,小搗蛋;小傢伙





Style

It refers to how an author says something as opposed to what he or she says. 


A writer’s style is a personal choice dependent on 
setting, plot, and characters.


My One Hundred Adventures bPolly Horvath


There are 44 words describe five sense. 


All summers take me back to the sea. There in the long eelgrass, like birds eggs waiting to be hatched, my brothers and sister and I sit, grasses higher than our heads, arms and legs like thicker versions of the grass waving in the wind, looking up at the blue washed sky.



One Crazy Summer bRita Williams-Garcia

There are 23 words describe fear.  


Good thing the plane had seat belts and we’d been strapped in tight before takeoff. Without them, that last jolt would have been enough to throw Vonetta into orbit and Fern across the aisle. Still, I anchored myself  and my sisters as best I could to brace us for whatever came next. Those clouds weren’t through with us yet and dealt another Cassius Clay-left-and-a-right-jab to the body of our Boeing 727.

Devices of Style

Connotation

Connotation is the associative or emotional meaning of a word. 

Charlotte’s Web by E. B. White

Imagery

Imagery is the appeal to any of the senses; it helps create setting, establish a mood, or show a character.

Charlotte’s Web by E. B. White 

Figurative Language

The writer uses words in a nonliteral way, giving them an extra dimension of meaning beyond their usual, everyday definitions. 

          - personification: Charlotte’s Web
          - simile: as, like, than
          - metaphor: sapphire sky
            the celery green carpet

Hyperbole

We often stretch a comparison to 
create hyperbole. 
“If Wilbur is killed and his trough stands empty day after day, you’ll grow so thin we  
can look right through your stomach and see objects on the other side.”

Understatement

The reverse of exaggeration is understatement, or playing down.

Understatement can be a way of avoiding sentimentality when writing of hard times.
Kira-Kira bCynthia Kadohata

Allusion

Allusion is a reference to a past
event or piece of literature.

We wear the Mask bPaul Lawrence Dunbar



Symbol

A symbol is a person, object, 
situation, or action that operates 
on two levels of meaning:  the 
literal and the figurative or 
suggestive. 

Fly Away Home bEve Bunting

Puns and Wordplay

An imaginative writer who enjoys
the pleasure of words is tempted 
to echo words of other literary 
works. 


“I don’t think there is any such
thing as less than nothing. 
Nothing is absolutely the limit of 
nothingness. It’s the lowest you 
can go… If there were something
that was less than nothing, then 
nothing would not be nothing.”


Devices of Sound

Onomatopoeia
Words that sound like their meanings 
“swishing and swooshing”
“gulping and sucking”

Alliteration

Alliteration is repetition of initial
consonants. 
“They sang the song of summer’s 
ending.”
broken bottles…discarded 
dishmops… last month’s 
agazines.”

Assonance

A device that enhances meaning 
by the repetition of similar vowel
sounds within a phrase is called 
assonance. 
a sad, monotonous song”

Consonance

The close repetition of consonant 
sounds is called consonance. 
“empty tin cans and dirty rags and bits of metal and broken bottles”


Rhythm

Stories that are read aloud to 
children can make particularly 
effective use of rhythm. p220
Cadence – in prose Charlotte’s 
Web- Zuckerman dump

Tone

Tone in literature tells us how the author feels about his or her subject and about the audience to whom the literary work is directed

It is the writer’s attitude toward the story and its reader.
         - Tone in Charlotte’s Web
         - Tone and Subject Matter
         -  Parody

More Considerations about Style and Tone in Children’s Books

Trite versus Fresh Style
Condescension
Sentimentality
Sensationalism

Didacticism